Caltoris bromus bromus.

A revision.

Evans state of C. bromus, that the female have 1- 2 HW spots.
this was taken to meant that the Male do not have HW spots.

C&P 4's key actually do not state the sex, indicating that the male may also have HW spots.
Yutaka website shows a male with two Hw spots.The female with one.
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93320001.html

A recent expedition to Nepal shows both sexes of C. bromus bromus have two HW spots.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/...fig4_363417945

Caltoris bromus bromus.
Antennae with prominent pale areas.
[/I]FW with two cellspot usually large, SUbapical spots large often two, sometime three.
HW dark brown overlaid with ochreous scales ,generally contrasting little with the FW


Most males in Singapore have no HW spots .
Typical males C. bromus bromus.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184641820
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131436413
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38212403
Just a tiny white dot in HW space 2.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149217007

Males with definite HW spots are known.
HW is somewhat reddish which is confusing.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189748177
This was thought to be a female back then, but the wingshape is male.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38174859


The female more often have a HW spot in space 2.
No examples with two spots are seen.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13664032
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189751484

These should be correct as females without any hW spot.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/114602509
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14127347


Fieldshot ID can be very difficult as the colour keeps on varying.

C. cormasa is the most confusing.
Generally this is redder ,HW deeper reddish & contrasted, FW subapical always small ,upper cellspot small.
Two males 1 female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...1898/large.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TjKxWVHrQ...herHern_01.jpg
https://www.butterflycircle.com/chec...obby%20Mun.jpg


Two fieldshots in which the HW have multiple spots are intriguing .
They appear to be Caltoris, with pale areas on the antennae & largish spots.
They also do not match any other genera.


1.https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13297994
The HW is very dark brown ie chocolate & would suggest C. cahira, but cahira is stated never to have any HW spots.

2. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96995697
This suggest Pelopidas but it does not match any known species & the HW lacks a cellspot.


TLSeow: Cheers.

Finally a male Caltoris bromus showing two UnH white spots in space 2 & 3.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122789866



TL seow: Cheers

PS. All the males with UnH white spots have the UnH ground colour very dark brown as in C. cahira.
As stated earlier, cahira is specifically stated to have no UnH white spot.
This raise the question if it is possible that Singapore have a unique population of C. cahira that may have UnH spots
Or perhaps it is an endemic new species.
This question can only be answered if some specimens are taken & the genitalia examined or DNA analysis is done.
Based on the key of the reference text, these are considered to be C, bromus .
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93320001.html
https://yutaka.it-n.jp/hes/93300010.html
Female C. cahira, Singapore.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7l1dr3n_g...ris+bromus.jpg

Have this male Caltoris eclosed this morning. Is this Caltoris bromus? It has one obvious white spot in the hindwing, and may be a second one (much more obscure than the first one).

https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/...686147c6_b.jpg

This is a fine male Caltoris bromus.

The FW spots are usually large, the subapical more often two.
The Hw spot here is in space 2.
Male more often have no HW spot, while the female often have two in space 2 &c 3.

This now seem to be less rare than before.
eg.
Males.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184641820
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/150484243
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38212403
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92336192
With the upper cellspot small.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149217007
Female.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13664032

Two ?females with multiple HW spots appear to be C. bromus aberrations.
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96995697
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13297994

Calttoris cahira have the HW dark chocolate.
Federick's shot female.
https://butterflieshk.files.wordpres...ris-cahira.jpg


Caltoris cormasa have the UnH deeper darker redbrown.Fw subapical spots are often three & small.
Male & female.
https://blogger.googleusercontent.co...enjamin_01.jpg
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2caxXSexY...0/DSC_0108.JPG



TL Seow: Cheers.

Many thanks, Dr Seow for the ID confirmation. :)