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Post 20.
I think it is Ypthima baldus.
I may be wrong.
In the past I followed the key as stated & only IDed as baldus those with HW spot 6 much smaller than spot 5 & spots 2 & 3 large & conjoined.
Howevr many valid examples of Y. baldus have smaller spots.
Y. baldus baldus from India.
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/si...4b139708-1.jpg
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/si...0f559928-1.jpg
https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/si...fb2bf8e1-1.jpg
These two are undoubted Y. horsfieldii humei.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...9989/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...7077/large.jpg
TL Seow: Cheers.
PS. Examples of Y. horsfieldii horsfieldii from Java.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...657/large.jpeg
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/6045975
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...3991/large.jpg
PS 2. To meet the criteria for Y. baldus newboldi ie. large conjoined spots 2 & 3, and spot 5 much larger than spot 6, only one specimen from Yala ( lower left) will match.
The rest should be Y. horsfieldii humei.
This does not seem right.
http://yutaka.it-n.jp/sat/41000010.html
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2 Attachment(s)
Hi Dr Seow,
Found this Abisara sp. in my school, is it Abisara geza? The HW doesn't have the vein dislocation but the tonal spots are very rounded. Thank you!
Attachment 27995
Attachment 27996
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Post 22.
Male Abisara geza.
Male is IDed by the rounded margin at HW vein 4, while female have a pointed 'tail'.
Both species varies in the dislocation at vein 4.
A. saturata. Tornal black spots pointed, teardrop shape.HW discal line usually not dislocated at vein 4.
Male ;FW with two parallel pale postdiscal bands not enhanced white & one submarginal white line.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...8-21-26-PM.jpg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...-----sunny.jpg
Female with the inner of the two white submarginal lines merging with the white oblique band.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...8-20-35-PM.jpg
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yzw2AzY2d...ata-female.jpg
https://static.inaturalist.org/photo...7311/large.jpg
A. geza; HW twin tornal dlack spots rounded. ; HW discal line usually dislocated at vein 4.
Male with twin parallel postdiscal bands enhanced whitish, & two submarginal white lines .
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yzw2AzY2d...kausambi-7.jpg
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yzw2AzY2d...-kausambi4.jpg
Female with the FW inner white line largely clear of the oblique white band. Female rare.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...dult_CJ_01.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...387/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...819/large.jpeg
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...ederick_02.jpg
TL Seow: Cheers.
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3 Attachment(s)
Hi Dr Seow,
Just a couple of ID requests. Thank you!
1. Pantoporia sp. Additional iNaturalist link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141239367
Attachment 28096
2. Potanthus sp.
Attachment 28097
Attachment 28098
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Post 25.
1. Probably Pantoporia sandaka female.
You can see the abdomen is bulging & the FW foot of the postdiscal band is short.
Although the grey band is wide suggesting P. hordonia, the orange submarginal band is enhanced at the apex as in most P. sandaka.
It is no dofferent from this female.
https://singapore.biodiversity.onlin...doptera-000472
More typical Male & female P. sandaka from Singapore ie with narrow grey band.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_rzo8wjfyC...erick_02_c.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...3648/large.jpg
Typical males & females P. hordonia P.Malaysia.
Males
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6TIVtGI_o...u/DSC_0229.JPG
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...939/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...3531/large.jpg
Females.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...5450/large.JPG
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...4148/large.jpg
You need to shoot a male from the same place.
2. Female Potanthus serina.
Abdominal end with a black band (less clear in the female)
FW spot 5 smaller than spot 4; HW ground brown dusted ;band with a small spot 6 on inner edge.
FW spot 8 may be small.
Females .
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19967403
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...980/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...0289/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...8116/large.jpg
TL Seow; Cheers.
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Hi Dr Seow,
I have been trying to figure out the key ID features for the pavana group Nacadubas, but with not many images available online of live specimens, some of them have been rather challenging, especially N.pendleburyi and N.solta. Would it be possible for you to do an overview of the key IDs? Thank you.
These are some features I have noted/read, splitting the group into 2, with and without metallic scales in the tornal spot.
With metallic scales:
1. N. pactolus
- FW post-discal band typically straight
- Submarginal spots quite rectangular
- HW submarginal spot 6 large, spots 4 & 5 flattened.
2. N. hermus
- FW post-discal band typically straight
- FW submarginal spots chevron shaped
- HW post-discal band in spaces 4 & 5 very close to HW submarginal band
3. N. pavana
- FW post-discal band typically straight, sometimes with dislocations
- Prominent white 'bar/band' running through submarginal spots
- Marginal spots bar-like
4. N. russelli
- Marginal spots oval/lozenge-shaped
- Outer margins of submarginal spots pointed
5. N. angusta (should be distinct enough)
- Broad and diffused whitish striae
- Strongly contrasting black submarginal and marginal spots
- HW submarginal spot 6 large and rounded
Without metallic scales:
1. N. sanaya
- FW post-discal band typically dislocated at vein 6
- HW post-discal band well separated from HW submarginal band
2. N. subperusia
- FW post-discal band gently curved but not markedly dislocated towards costa
- HW post-discal band in spaces 4 & 5 very close to submarginal band (almost touching)
- HW submarginal spots strongly concave and dark, contrasting greatly from ground colour
3. N. pendleburyi
- FW post-discal band gently curves towards costa
- HW post-discal band well separated from HW submarginal band
4. N. solta
- FW post-discal band straight
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Post 29.
The 4-line Blues are very difficult to Id from the underside alone in many species and it is likely there were many mis-identifications in the past.
The dark striae within the bands are important in the Ids.
A. Dark striae within bands strongly developed ,appearing black.
Metallic scales on HW tornal spots always strong.
A1. Nacaduba pavana.
HW marginasl spots with their inner margins level, 'flat'.
Female.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check..._female_01.jpg
A2. Nacaduba russelli.
HW marginal spots lozenge shaped, ie. with the inner margins oval.
FW submarginal spots large.
https://thaibutterflies.com/Butterfl...duba-russelli/
Some past observations are probably this species.
These have strong dark striae & should not be N. hermus.
https://static.inaturalist.org/photo...370/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...2348/large.jpg
B. Dark striae within the bands absent or rather weak.
B1. Nacaduba hermus.
Dark sriae weak, not blackish.
Metallic scales in the HW tornal spot often sparse.
HW submarginal spots 4 & 5 with rounded margins & close to the postdiscal spots/band.
Males.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...878/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...6496/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...1747/large.jpg
https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/...81d68726_c.jpg
Female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...343/large.jpeg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...1467/large.jpg
B2. Nacaduba pactolus.
White striae buff, enhanced.
Metallic scales on tornal spot strong.
HW submarginal spot 6 quadrate & connect sharply to a narrow band formed by submarginal spots 4 & 5; Distinctive.
Male.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...-%20horace.jpg
B3.Nacaduba angusta.
White striae broad & spots dark.
HW spot 6 large & round.
Metallic scales in tornal spot strong.
Female - left.
http://www.butterflycircle.com/check...20khew%202.jpg
B4. Nacaduba sanaya.
No metallic scales on HW tornal spots.
FW postdiscal spots usually dislocated at vein 6.
HW postdiscal spots & submarginal spots well separated in space 4 & 5.
This species present a confusing picture as the spacing in HW space 4 & 5 varies.
Forms with the HW submarginals & postdiscals in space 4 & 5 spaced apart.(as described in the text.)
Male & female.
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...8753/large.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...4238/large.jpg
Forms in which HW submarginals & postdiscals are very close.
Male & female.
https://www.besgroup.org/wp-content/...i-LenaChow.jpg
https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.ama...5990/large.jpg
It is possible some other species are involved but without upperside pix, it is difficult to wrk this out.
B5 Nacaduba subperusia lysa.
Ssp lysa is the lowland form recorded in Singapore.
No metallic scales on HW spot
HW submarginal spots in space $ & 5 with rounded margins & always close to the postdiscal spots.
FW postdiscal band less often dislocated.
Male P. Malaysia.
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ToaJYf3xH...0/DSC_2628.JPG
Female Thailand.
https://thaibutterflies.com/wp-conte...subperusia.jpg
B6.Nacaduba pendleburyi
FW postdiscal band not dislocated.
HW with the submarginals & postdiscals in space 4 & 5 well separated.
Upperside with the FW black border a thread & expanded at the apex in the male (Diagnostic.)
Added: FW marginal & submarginal spots narrow, submarginal spots 4 & 5 pointed.
B7. Nacaduba solta.
FW with a very straight postdiscal band as in N. calauria
This species is not found in Singapore.
TL Seow: Cheers..
PS. It is very likely that what was thought to be one variable N. sanaya species in Singapore actually comprise two equally common species, ie. N. sanaya & subperusia..
Previous use (for comparison) of N. perusia images with only features of dark markings & unbroken postdiscal band ( from neighbourig countries ) is probably untenable.
PS 2. The two males from Thailand match the image of N. pendleburyi male in C&P4.
HW with wide spacing of postdiscals & submarginals in space 3, 4, & 5.
FW marginal & submarginal bands narrow, submarginal spots 4 & 5 pointed.
https://pamsbutterflies.com/butterfl...-sanaya-elioti
One observation looks correct for male N. pendleburyi
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112126841